Table 1 Characteristics of the favorable versus unfavorable outcome groups
All patients (N = 7914) | Favorable outcome (n = 577) | Unfavorable outcome (n = 7337) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 71.0 (58.0–80.0) | 56.0 (47.0–65.0) | 73.0 (59.0–81.0) | < 0.001 |
Male sex, (%) | 5116 (64.6) | 452 (78.3) | 4664 (63.6) | < 0.001 |
Underlying disease, n (%) | ||||
Hypertension | 3191 (40.3) | 216 (37.4) | 2975 (40.5) | 0.14 |
Diabetes | 2008 (25.4) | 90 (15.6) | 1918 (26.1) | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 356 (4.5) | 38 (6.6) | 318 (4.3) | 0.01 |
Arrest location, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Home | 5062 (64.0) | 221 (38.3) | 4841 (66.0) | |
Other | 1893 (23.9) | 252 (43.7) | 1641 (22.4) | |
Unknown | 959 (12.1) | 104 (18.0) | 855 (11.7) | |
Event characteristics, n (%) | ||||
Witnessed arrest | 4675 (59.1) | 481 (83.4) | 4194 (57.2) | < 0.001 |
Bystander CPR | 4043 (51.1) | 353 (61.2) | 3690 (50.3) | < 0.001 |
Pre-hospital AED use | 90 (1.1) | 14 (2.4) | 76 (1.0) | 0.002 |
Initial documented arrest rhythm | < 0.001 | |||
VF/PVT | 1467 (18.5) | 469 (81.3) | 998 (13.6) | |
PEA | 1783 (22.5) | 76 (13.2) | 1707 (23.3) | |
Asystole | 4640 (58.6) | 31 (5.4) | 4609 (62.8) | |
Unknown | 24 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 23 (0.3) | |
EMS intervention, n (%) | ||||
Advanced airway attempted | 6340 (80.1) | 401 (69.5) | 5939 (80.9) | < 0.001 |
Adrenaline administered | 1048 (13.2) | 27 (4.7) | 1021 (13.9) | < 0.001 |
Any defibrillation delivered | 1927 (24.3) | 491 (85.1) | 1436 (19.6) | < 0.001 |
Pre-hospital ROSC | 1063 (13.4) | 498 (86.3) | 565 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
EMS time interval, min | ||||
Time from EMS call to scene arrival | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–8.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 0.62 |
Time from scene arrival to scene departure | 12.0 (8.0–18.0) | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 13.0 (9.0–18.0) | < 0.001 |
Time from scene departure to hospital arrival | 9.0 (6.0–13.0) | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 9.0 (6.0–13.0) | 0.14 |
Laboratory data | ||||
Hb, g/dL | 11.9 (9.8–13.9) | 14.4 (13.1–15.4) | 11.6 (9.5–13.6) | < 0.001 |
CK-MB, ng/mL | 4.3 (2.2–9.3) | 2.8 (1.6–4.7) | 4.6 (2.3–10.2) | < 0.001 |
Initial pH | 6.9 (6.8–7.1) | 7.3 (7.1–7.3) | 6.9 (6.8–7.0) | < 0.001 |
Initial lactate, mmol/L | 12.3 (9.0–15.0) | 8.3 (6.0–11.4) | 12.8 (9.6–15.0) | < 0.001 |
In-patient intervention, n (%) | ||||
Therapeutic hypothermia | 591 (7.5) | 179 (32.3) | 412 (6.8) | < 0.001 |
CAG | 815 (10.3) | 427 (76.4) | 388 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
PCI | 263 (3.3) | 147 (26.7) | 116 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
CABG | 34 (0.4) | 21 (3.8) | 13 (0.2) | < 0.001 |
Pacemaker insertion | 54 (0.7) | 34 (6.2) | 20 (0.3) | < 0.001 |
ICD insertion | 69 (0.9) | 64 (11.6) | 5 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
TPA | 196 (2.5) | 82 (14.9) | 114 (1.9) | < 0.001 |
CPR duration, min | ||||
Pre-hospital CPR duration | 19.0 (14.0–24.0) | 7.0 (4.0–12.0) | 19.0 (15.0–25.0) | < 0.001 |
In-hospital CPR duration | 19.0 (9.0–29.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 20.0 (11.0–30.0) | < 0.001 |
Total hospital CPR duration | 40.0 (28.0–51.0) | 8.0 (5.0–15.0) | 41.0 (30.0–52.0) | < 0.001 |