Table 1 Triage interventions and intervention characteristics

Senior Doctor Triage/ team triage

Designed to allow for rapid medical intervention and care escalation, senior doctor triage/ team triage involves the presence of a (senior) emergency doctor (physician) in triage to identify potential emergencies, initiate diagnostics and treatment prior to patients being seen in ED [8, 15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22].

Dedicated Triage Resources

Dedicated triage resources include a dedicated ECG technician and machine, and the creation of a dedicated ECG room with two stretchers beside triage [23]

Triage Education

Staff education about atypical presentations, signs and symptoms, as well as how to perform ECGs have been implemented [23]

Triage Systems

Variations in triage systems include prioritising patients without providing treatment, prioritising patients while providing simple treatment and formal triage systems [15]

Triage Protocols

Triage protocols procedures for specific symptoms and treatments, for example, nurse-requested radiograph protocol outlines the rules and procedures under which nurses can/ should request radiographs for patients at triage [24]

Nurse-led Triage

Nurse-led-triage involves triage by a Nurse Practitioner, Advanced Nurse Practitioner, Emergency nurse Practitioner, or ED nurse [26]