Table 1 Summary of clinical trials on prehospital cooling.
Method | EMS setting | Number of patients (hypothermia) | Control group | Intra-arrest cooling | Mean ΔT in hypothermia group at hospital admission | ΔT Difference to control group | Temperature measurement | Adverse events | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Virkkunen et al 2004 [8] | LVICF | Physician staffed | 13 | No | No | -1.9 (Range -3.1 to +0.4°C) | NA | Oesophageal | 1 transient hypotension |
Kim et al 2007 [9] | LVICF | Paramedic | 63 | 62 | No | -1.24° SD ± 1.09 | p < 0.0001 | Oesophageal | NS |
Kämäräinen et al 2009 [10] | LVICF | Physician | 19 | 18 | No | -1.5 (± 0.8)°C | p < 0.001 | NP | NS |
Hammer et al 2009 [11] | LVICF | Physician | 22 | 77 | No | Median: -1.3°C | p = 0.06 | Rectal | NS |
Uray et al 2008 [12] | Cooling pads | Physician | 15 | No | No | Median cooling rate: 3.3 (2.0-4.0)°C/h † | NA | Oesophageal | No |
Storm et al 2008 [13] | Cooling cap | Physician | 20 | 25 | No | Median -1.1°C | p < 0.001 | Tympanic | No |
Callaway et al 2002 [7] | External cranial cooling | Physician staffed | 9 | 13 | Yes | -0.07°(SD ± 0.06)°C/min* | NS | NP, Oesophageal | No |
Bruel et al 2008 [15] | LVICF | Physician | 33 | No | Yes | 2.1 (SD ± 0.29)°C | NA | Oesophageal | 1 pulmonary oedema |
Kämäräinen et al 2008 [16] | LVICF | Paramedic | 17 | No | Yes | -1.34 (Range 0 to -2.7°C) | NA | NP | 5 cases of rearrest |