Table 1 Bystanders’ principal emotion grouped after different individual-related and situational factors
Total number | Signs of pathological psychological processing (%) | Physiological psychological processing (%) | No signs of psychological distress due to the OHCA (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
All bystanders | 83 | 27 (32.5%) | 19 (22.9%) | 37 (44.6%) |
Gender (p = 0.1523) | ||||
Male | 33 | 8 (24.2%) | 6 (18.2%) | 19 (57.6%) |
Female | 50 | 19 (38%) | 13 (26%) | 18 (36%) |
Age (p = 0.2372) | ||||
< 35 years | 12 | 2 (16.7%) | 3 (25%) | 7 (58.3%) |
35–64 years | 52 | 18 (34.6%) | 9 (17.3%) | 25 (48.1%) |
> 64 years | 19 | 7 (36.85%) | 7 (36.85%) | 5 (26.3%) |
Professional or voluntary work in the health sector (p = 0.1183) | ||||
Yes | 18 | 7 (38.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | 10 (55.5%) |
No | 62 | 19 (30.7%) | 18 (29%) | 25 (40.3%) |
Relationship between patient and bystander (p = 0.3369) | ||||
Know each other | 60 | 22 (36.7%) | 14 (23.3%) | 24 (40%) |
Don´t know each other | 23 | 5 (21.75%) | 5 (21.75%) | 13 (56.5%) |
Degree of family (p = 0.4812) | ||||
Spouse/ partner of patient | 31 | 10 (32.25%) | 11 (35.5%) | 10 (32.25%) |
Child of patient | 16 | 6 (37.5%) | 3 (18.7%) | 7 (43.8%) |
Location of cardiac arrest (p = 0.5059) | ||||
Home | 57 | 17 (29.8%) | 15 (26.3%) | 25 (43.9%) |
At work or in public | 26 | 10 (38.5%) | 4 (15.4%) | 12 (46.1%) |
Number of additional bystanders (p = 0.3657) | ||||
0 | 35 | 14 (40%) | 10 (28.6%) | 11 (31.4%) |
1 | 18 | 5 (27.8%) | 3 (16.7%) | 10 (55.5%) |
More than 1 | 30 | 8 (26.7%) | 6 (20%) | 16 (53.3%) |
Telephone-CPR by dispatcher (p < 0.05) | ||||
Yes | 30 | 6 (20%) | 11 (36.7%) | 13 (43.3%) |
No | 52 | 21 (40.4%) | 8 (15.4%) | 23 (44.2%) |
Bystander performed CPR (p < 0.05) | ||||
Yes | 53 | 14 (26.4%) | 10 (18.9%) | 29 (54.7%) |
No | 30 | 13 (43.3%) | 9 (30%) | 8 (26.7%) |
Witnessed a cardiac arrest before (p = 0.8931) | ||||
Yes | 22 | 8 (36.4%) | 5 (22.7%) | 9 (40.9%) |
No | 61 | 19 (31.1%) | 14 (23%) | 28 (45.9%) |
Person was responsive at the beginning (p = 0.6503) | ||||
Yes | 17 | 6 (35.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 6 (35.3%) |
No | 66 | 21 (31.8%) | 14 (21.2%) | 31 (47%) |
Initial pattern of breathing (p = 0.6844) | ||||
No breathing | 36 | 10 (27.8%) | 8 (22.2%) | 18 (50%) |
Agonal breathing | 28 | 11 (39.3%) | 6 (21.4%) | 11 (39.3%) |
Breathing not remembered | 14 | 4 (28.6%) | 5 (35.7%) | 5 (35.7%) |
Bystander was assured by something (e.g. bystanders, experiences) (p = 0.4621) | ||||
Yes | 48 | 13 (27.1%) | 12 (25%) | 23 (47.9%) |
No | 35 | 14 (40%) | 7 (20%) | 14 (40%) |
First thought (p = 0.5445) | ||||
I knew what to do | 37 | 14 (37.8%) | 5 (13.5%) | 18 (48.7%) |
I did not know what to do | 12 | 3 (25%) | 4 (33.3%) | 5 (41.7%) |
I was terrified | 26 | 9 (34.6%) | 7 (26.9%) | 10 (38.5%) |
First thought not remembered | 7 | 1 (14.3%) | 3 (42.85%) | 3 (42.85%) |