| Total (n = 187) | NIV started (n = 56; 30%) | NIV not started (n = 131; 70%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | |||||
Age (year), mean ± SD | 77 ± 14 | 77 ± 12 | 76 ± 15 | 0.96 | |
Male, n (%) | 96 (51) | 28 (50) | 68 (52) | 0.8 | |
NACA, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | <0.0005 | |
 | 2 | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.5) |  |
 | 3 | 40 (21) | 0 (0) | 40 (31) |  |
 | 4 | 69 (37) | 17 (30) | 52 (40) |  |
 | 5 | 71 (38) | 38 (68) | 33 (25) |  |
 | 6 | 4 (2.1) | 1 (1.8) | 3 (2.3) |  |
 | 7 | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) |  |
Time interval (minutes), median (IQR) | |||||
Time to start | 2.7 (1.9–3.7) | 2.9 (2.0–4.0) | 2.7 (1.8–3.6) | 0.32 | |
Time to scene | 5.9 (4.1–8.1) | 5.3 (3.5–7.2) | 6.0 (4.4–8.2) | 0.07 | |
On-scene time | 21 (16–26) | 22 (18–27) | 20 (15–25) | 0.08 | |
Transport | 10.4 (3.1–16.8) | 7.6 (4.4–11.0) | 12.7 (7.1–20.1) | <0.0001 | |
Presumptive diagnosis, n (%) | |||||
 | APEa | 57 (30) | 30 (55) | 27 (21) | <0.0001 |
 | COPDa exacerbation | 48 (26) | 20 (36) | 28 (21) | 0.04 |
 | Pneumonia | 53 (28) | 15 (27) | 38 (29) | 0.76 |
 | ARDS | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 0.13 |
 | Asthma | 12 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 12 (9.2) | 0.02 |
Initial vital parameters | |||||
RR (breath/min), mean ± SD | 30 ± 10 | 35 ± 8 | 29 ± 10 | <0.0001 | |
Sp02 (%), mean ± SD | 85 ± 11 | 79 ± 10 | 88 ± 11 | <0.0001 | |
HR (beat/min), mean ± SD | 105 ± 27 | 115 ± 21 | 100 ± 28 | <0.0005 | |
SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 146 ± 34 | 154 ± 38 | 143 ± 32 | 0.09 | |
DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 82 ± 23 | 86 ± 25 | 80 ± 22 | 0.20 | |
GCS, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (14–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.69 | |
GCS, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.9 | |
 | 3–8 | 13 (7) | 4 (7.1) | 9 (6.9) |  |
 | 9–12 | 16 (8.6) | 4 (7.1) | 12 (9.2) |  |
 | 13–15 | 158 (84) | 48 (86) | 110 (84) |  |
Final vital parametersb | |||||
RR (breath/min), mean ± SD | 27 ± 8 | 29 ± 8 | 26 ± 9 | 0.0421 | |
SpO2 (%), mean ± SD | 95 ± 5 | 96 ± 5 | 95 ± 5 | 0.0641 | |
HR (beat/min), mean ± SD | 101 ± 24 | 103 ± 28 | 100 ± 22 | 0.1081 | |
SBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 135 ± 29 | 138 ± 30 | 134 ± 28 | 0.6171 | |
DBP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 77 ± 17 | 79 ± 17 | 76 ± 17 | 0.8025 | |
GCS score, median (IQR) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 15 (15–15) | 0.5958 | |
GCS, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 | |
 | 3–8 | 13 (7) | 3 (5.4) | 10 (7.6) |  |
 | 9–12 | 13 (7) | 4 (7.1) | 9 (6.9) |  |
 | 13–15 | 161 (86) | 49 (88) | 112 (86) |  |
Treatment, n (%) | |||||
Oxygen | 141 (75) | 45 (80) | 96 (73) | 0.30 | |
Intubation | 5 (2.7) | 1 (1.8) | 4 (3.1) | 0.53 | |
Drugs | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | Salbutamol | 65 (35) | 20 (36) | 45 (34) | 0.87 |
 | Isosorbide dinitrate | 34 (18) | 16 (29) | 18 (24) | 0.022 |
 | Furosemide | 28 (15) | 14 (25) | 14 (11) | 0.023 |
 | Morphine sulphate | 12 (6.4) | 6 (11) | 6 (4.6) | 0.19 |
 | Ipratropium bromide | 6 (3.2) | 5 (8.9) | 1 (0.8) | 0.010 |
 | Methylprednisolone | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | – |
Outcome, n (%) | |||||
Final diagnosisc | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
 | APE | 45 (24) | 20 (21) | 25 (18) | 0.015 |
 | COPD exacerbation | 36 (19) | 12 (33) | 24 (67) | 0.62 |
 | Pneumonia | 59 (32) | 22 (39) | 37 (28) | 0.14 |
 | ARDS | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
 | Asthma | 6 (3.2) | 0 | 6 (4.6) | 0.10 |
48-hour mortality | 13 (7) | 6 (11) | 7 (5.3) | 0.186 |