Nasal nalbuphine analgesia in prehospital trauma managed by first-responder personnel on ski slopes in Switzerland: an observational cohort study

Table 2 Multivariate Linear Regression Models on Pain Reduction after Nasal Nalbuphine

Variable	Absolute NRS reduction model			Relative NRS reduction model (%)
Variable	Estimate	95% C.I.	p-value	Estimate	95% C.I.	p-value
Age < 20 years	0.0			0.0
Age 20–60 years	−0.61	−1.11 to −0.10	0.018	− 0.87	−14.89 to −2.48	0.006
Age > 60 years	−0.59	− 1.54 to 0.36	0.221	−7.77	− 19.47 to 3.94	0.193
Male sex	0.0			0.0
Female sex	0.08	−0.39 to 0.54	0.754	1.16	- 4.21 to 7.35	0.594
Initial pain (NRS)	0.51	0.31 to 0.72	< 0.001	2.53	0.03 to 5.04	0.048

Complete-case analysis: Included observations n = 244, 19 missing observations. Estimate = Difference in NRS reduction after application of nasal Nalbuphine according to either level of the factor variable or initial pain level (absolute difference or relative difference in percentage respectively). 95% C.I. = 95% confidence interval of the estimate. Male sex and Age < 20 years served as the reference groups in both models

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