Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19
Training Cohort (%) | Validation Cohort (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | ICU (N = 68) | Non-ICU (N = 695) | P | ICU (N = 29) | Non-ICU (N = 295) | P |
Age, median (IQR), years | 66.5(51–76) | 50(36–63) | 0.000 | 65(51–76) | 49(38–63) | 0.000 |
Gender | 0.016 | 0.066 | ||||
Male | 43(63.2) | 328(47.2) | 19(65.5) | 135(45.8) | ||
Female | 25(36.8) | 367(52.8) | 10(34.5) | 160(54.2) | ||
Temperature on Admission | 0.317 | 0.021 | ||||
≤ 36.1 | 3(0.6) | 45(6.5) | 6(20.7) | 14(4.7) | ||
36.2–38 | 56(82.4) | 593(85.3) | 19(65.5) | 251(85.1) | ||
≥ 38.1 | 9(1.2) | 57(8.2) | 4(13.8) | 30(10.2) | ||
Heart Rate, bmp | 0.370 | 0.001 | ||||
< 100 | 52(76.5) | 568(81.7) | 16(55.2) | 242(82) | ||
≥ 100 | 16(23.5) | 127(18.3) | 13(44.8) | 53(18) | ||
Respiratory Rate | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
< 22 | 36(52.9) | 605(87.1) | 14(48.3) | 235(79.7) | ||
≥ 22 | 32(47.1) | 90(12.9) | 15(51.7) | 60(20.3) | ||
Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 0.322 | 0.554 | ||||
≤ 100 | 4(5.9) | 20(2.9) | 0(0) | 12(4.1) | ||
> 100 | 64(94.1) | 675(97.1) | 29(100) | 283(95.9) | ||
Drinking | 0.311 | 1.000 | ||||
Former and/or Current | 54(79.4) | 590(84.9) | 25(86.2) | 251(85.1) | ||
Never | 14(20.6) | 105(15.1) | 4(13.8) | 44(14.9) | ||
Smoking | 0.005 | 0.766 | ||||
Former and/or Current | 49(72.1) | 596(85.8) | 26(89.7) | 253(85.8) | ||
Never | 19(27.9) | 99(14.2) | 3(10.3) | 42(14.2) | ||
Time interval from the onset of symptoms to admission | 0.306 | 1.000 | ||||
> 7 days | 16(23.5) | 123(17.7) | 5(17.2) | 51(17.3) | ||
≤ 7 days | 52(76.5) | 572(82.3) | 24(82.8) | 244(82.7) | ||
Obesity | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 0(0) | 4(0.6) | 0(0) | 2(0.7) | ||
No | 68(100) | 691(99.4) | 29(100) | 293(99.3) | ||
Symptoms | ||||||
Fever | 0.005 | 0.580 | ||||
Yes | 54(79.4) | 427(61.4) | 21(72.4) | 193(65.4) | ||
No | 14(20.6) | 268(38.6) | 8(27.6) | 102(34.6) | ||
Cough | 0.075 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 48(70.6) | 408(58.7) | 19(65.5) | 192(65.1) | ||
No | 20(29.4) | 287(41.3) | 10(34.5) | 103(34.9) | ||
Dyspnea | 0.000 | 0.004 | ||||
Yes | 26(38.2) | 126(18.1) | 12(41.4) | 51(17.3) | ||
No | 42(61.8) | 569(81.9) | 17(58.6) | 244(82.7) | ||
Fatigue | 0.029 | 0.336 | ||||
Yes | 34(50) | 249(35.8) | 14(48.3) | 110(37.3) | ||
No | 34(50) | 446(64.2) | 15(51.7) | 185(62.7) | ||
Sore Throat | 1.000 | 0.205 | ||||
Yes | 8(11.8) | 78(11.2) | 0(0) | 25(8.5) | ||
No | 60(88.2) | 617(88.8) | 29(100) | 270(91.5) | ||
Nasal Discharge | 0.501 | 0.471 | ||||
Yes | 1(1.5) | 27(3.9) | 0(0) | 14(4.7) | ||
No | 67(98.5) | 668(96.1) | 29(100) | 281(95.3) | ||
Wheeze | 0.285 | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 10(14.7) | 68(9.8) | 10(34.5) | 26(8.8) | ||
No | 58(85.3) | 627(90.2) | 19(65.5) | 269(91.2) | ||
Chest Distress | 0.687 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 13(19.1) | 114(16.4) | 7(24.1) | 68(23.1) | ||
No | 55(80.9) | 581(83.6) | 22(75.9) | 227(76.9) | ||
Muscle and Joint Pain | 0.848 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 8(11.8) | 71(10.2) | 3(10.3) | 31(10.5) | ||
No | 60(88.2) | 624(89.8) | 26(89.7) | 264(89.5) | ||
Headache | 0.749 | 0.794 | ||||
Yes | 3(4.4) | 43(6.2) | 3(10.3) | 21(7.1) | ||
No | 65(95.6) | 652(93.8) | 26(89.7) | 274(92.9) | ||
Nausea and Vomiting | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 2(2.9) | 25(3.6) | 1(3.4) | 13(4.4) | ||
No | 66(97.1) | 670(96.4) | 28(96.6) | 282(95.6) | ||
Diarrhea | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 6(8.8) | 64(9.2) | 4(13.8) | 36(12.2) | ||
No | 62(91.2) | 631(90.8) | 25(86.2) | 259(87.8) | ||
Comorbidities | ||||||
Asthma | 0.790 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 0(0) | 8(1.2) | 0(0) | 3(1) | ||
No | 68(100) | 687(98.8) | 29(100) | 292(99) | ||
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 0.112 | 0.934 | ||||
Yes | 4(5.9) | 14(2) | 1(3.4) | 4(1.4) | ||
No | 64(94.1) | 681(98) | 28(96.6) | 291(98.6) | ||
Hypertension | 0.011 | 0.410 | ||||
Yes | 26(38.2) | 163(23.5) | 9(31) | 66(22.4) | ||
No | 42(61.8) | 532(76.5) | 20(69) | 229(77.6) | ||
Chronic Respiratory Disease | 0.003 | 0.165 | ||||
Yes | 7(10.3) | 19(2.7) | 2(6.9) | 4(1.4) | ||
No | 61(89.7) | 676(97.3) | 27(93.1) | 291(98.6) | ||
Cardiovascular System Disease | 0.000 | 0.566 | ||||
Yes | 14(20.6) | 43(6.2) | 3(10.3) | 17(5.8) | ||
No | 54(79.4) | 652(93.8) | 26(89.7) | 278(94.2) | ||
Chronic Kidney Disease | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||
Yes | 6(8.8) | 8(1.2) | 4(13.8) | 3(1) | ||
No | 62(91.2) | 687(98.8) | 25(86.2) | 292(99) | ||
Chronic Liver Disease | 1.000 | 0.624 | ||||
Yes | 5(7.4) | 50(7.2) | 3(10.3) | 18(6.1) | ||
No | 63(92.6) | 645(92.8) | 26(89.7) | 277(93.9) | ||
Cerebrovascular Disease | 0.326 | – | ||||
Yes | 2(2.9) | 6(0.9) | – | – | ||
No | 66(97.1) | 689(99.1) | – | – | ||
Autoimmune Disease | 0.013 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 4(5.9) | 8(1.2) | 0(0) | 5(1.7) | ||
No | 64(94.1) | 687(98.8) | 29(100) | 290(98.3) | ||
Hematological Disease | 0.149 | 0.425 | ||||
Yes | 1(1.5)) | 0(0) | 1(3.4) | 1(0.3) | ||
No | 67(98.5) | 695(100) | 28(96.6) | 294(99.7) | ||
Stroke History | 0.015 | 0.802 | ||||
Yes | 5(7.4) | 13(1.9) | 1(3.4) | 3(1) | ||
No | 63(92.6) | 682(98.1) | 28(96.6) | 292(99) | ||
Malignancy | 0.341 | 1.000 | ||||
Yes | 3(4.4) | 13(1.9) | 1(3.4) | 8(2.7) | ||
No | 65(95.6) | 682(98.1) | 28(96.6) | 287(97.3) | ||
Diabetes | 0.064 | 0.812 | ||||
Yes | 14(20.6) | 83(11.9) | 2(6.9) | 30(10.2) | ||
No | 54(79.4) | 612(88.1) | 27(93.1) | 265(89.8) | ||
Exposure to source of transmission within past 14 days | ||||||
Recently visited COVID-affected area | 0.266 | 0.921 | ||||
Yes | 63(92.6) | 606(87.2) | 26(89.7) | 257(87.1) | ||
No | 5(7.4) | 89(12.8) | 3(10.3) | 38(12.9) | ||
Contact history of COVID-19 | 0.019 | 0.044 | ||||
Yes | 12(17.6) | 224(32.2) | 3(10.3) | 88(29.8) | ||
No | 56(82.4) | 471(67.8) | 26(89.7) | 207(70.2) | ||