Outcomes after helicopter versus ground emergency medical services for major trauma--propensity score and instrumental variable analyses: a retrospective nationwide cohort study

Table 4 Time outcomes between propensity score-matched groups

	Matched groups
	HEMS	(IQR)	GEMS	(IQR)	P Value
Dispatch to ED arrival, minutes, median*	60.0	(48-74)	35.0	(27-46)	<.001
ED to blood transfusion, minutes ≤60, median**	26.0	(12-44)	36.0	(20-50)	<.001
ED to definitive care, minutes ≤90, median***	58.0	(42-74)	60.0	(34-75)	.73

Definitive care indicates surgery or transarterial embolization
*HEMS; n = 3746, GEMS; n = 3720
**HEMS; n = 335, GEMS; n = 195
***HEMS; n = 278, GEMS; n = 263
HEMS helicopter emergency medical services, GEMS ground emergency medical service, ED emergency department, IQR interquartile range

ISSN: 1757-7241