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Table 2 Factors associated with hospitalisation—logistic regression analysisa

From: Outpatient treatment of acute poisoning by substances of abuse: a prospective observational cohort study

 

n (%)

Hospitalised n (%)

Crude

Adjusted

 

Odds ratio

95 % CI

p

Odds ratio

95 % CI

p

Age

 26–50 yearsb

1207 (52)

245 (20)

      

  ≤ 25 years

640 (27)

78 (12)

0.55

0.41–0.72

<0.001

0.75

0.53–1.0

0.090

  > 50 years

496 (21)

68 (14)

0.62

0.47–0.84

0.002

1.2

0.83–1.7

0.348

Gender

 Malesb

1600 (68)

288 (18)

      

 Females

743 (32)

103 (14)

0.73

0.57–0.94

0.013

0.74

0.55–1.0

0.052

Main toxic agent

 Ethanolb

1291 (55)

103 (8)

      

 Opioids

539 (23)

102 (19)

2.7

2.0–3.6

<0.001

1.7

1.1–2.5

0.014

 Benzodiazepines

194 (8)

65 (34)

5.8

4.1–8.3

<0.001

3.6

2.2–5.8

<0.001

 Central stimulants

132 (6)

42 (32)

5.4

3.5–8.2

<0.001

2.5

1.4–4.5

0.001

 GHB

105 (4)

60 (57)

15.4

9.9–23.8

<0.001

19.0

11.3–32.0

<0.001

 Other/Unknown

82 (3)

19 (23)

3.5

2.0–6.0

<0.001

2.1

1.1–4.2

0.026

Number of toxic agents

  

1.3

1.2–1.5

<0.001

0.89

0.75–1.1

0.204

Suicide attemptc

139 (6)

61 (44)

4.4

3.1–6.3

<0.001

6.9

4.2–11.4

<0.001

Treatment with naloxonec

198 (8)

48 (24)

1.7

1.2–2.4

0.003

1.1

0.72–1.8

0.581

Clinical observationsc

 Respiratory depressiond

287 (12)

86 (30)

2.5

1.9–3.3

<0.001

2.4

1.7–3.5

<0.001

 Respiratory rate > 20/min

304 (13)

61 (20)

1.3

0.96–1.8

0.091

1.2

0.79–1.7

0.469

 Heart rate ≥ 100/min

430 (18)

104 (24)

1.8

1.4–2.3

<0.001

1.7

1.2–2.4

0.002

 Temperature ≥ 39.0 °C

11 (<1)

8 (73)

13.6

3.6–51.4

<0.001

1.8

0.34–9.3

0.503

 Glucose ≤ 3.0 mmol/L

12 (1)

6 (50)

5.1

1.6–15.8

0.005

6.5

1.8–23.7

0.005

 Neurological signse

62 (3)

22 (35)

2.9

1.7–4.9

<0.001

3.9

2.1–7.3

<0.001

 Hallucinations

59 (3)

31 (53)

5.9

3.5–10.0

<0.001

9.6

5.0–18.5

<0.001

Chest painc

24 (1)

9 (38)

3.0

1.3–7.0

0.009

5.6

2.2–14.6

<0.001

Head injuryc

217 (9)

24 (11)

0.60

0.38–0.92

0.021

0.97

0.59–1.6

0.888

Seizuresc

42 (2)

17 (40)

3.5

1.9–6.6

<0.001

5.7

2.7–12.1

<0.001

Infectionc

64 (3)

31 (48)

5.0

3.0–8.3

<0.001

6.3

3.5–11.3

<0.001

Other complicationsc

145 (6)

58 (40)

3.7

2.6–5.3

<0.001

6.5

4.2–10.0

<0.001

Lowest GCS scoref

 15b

680 (29)

85 (13)

      

 10–14

1316 (56)

208 (16)

1.3

1.0–1.7

0.048

2.0

1.4–2.8

<0.001

 8–9

223 (10)

49 (22)

2.0

1.3–2.9

0.001

3.0

1.8–4.9

<0.001

  ≤ 7

113 (5)

41 (36)

4.0

2.6–6.2

<0.001

6.5

3.7–11.6

<0.001

Total

2343 (100)

391 (17)

      
  1. Adjusted odds ratios for significant associations are shown in bold types
  2. CI confidence interval, GCS Glasgow coma scale, GHB gamma-hydroxybutyrate
  3. a In the univariate analyses, the following variables were not significantly associated with hospitalisation (p ≥ 0.10): systolic blood pressure ≥180 (n = 12, 4 (33 %) admitted); systolic blood pressure ≤ 90 (n = 117, 21 (8 %) admitted); temperature ≤ 34.0 °C (n = 34, 8 (23 %) admitted); glucose ≥ 14.0 mmol/L (n = 19, 5 (26 %) admitted); track marks (n = 375, 60 (16 %) admitted); other injuries (n = 171, 29 (17 %) admitted); and breath analysis alcohol level (analysed in 805 (34 %) patients, median 190 mg/dL in hospitalised patients, 210 mg/dL in discharged patients)
  4. b Reference group
  5. c The reference groups are not suicide attempt/no treatment with naloxone/observation or complication not recorded (reference groups not shown)
  6. d Respiratory rate < 10/min, SpO2 < 90 %, or in need of respiratory support
  7. e Comprises nystagmus, inverted plantar reflex, asymmetric pupil reaction to light or asymmetric movement of limbs
  8. f Eleven cases missing