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Table 2 Development data from the studies

From: Risk scoring systems for adults admitted to the emergency department: a systematic review

Scoring System

Population

Exclusion criteria

Endpoint(s)

Number of endpoints met

Sex

Statistic method

Potential maximum population (before exclusion)

Sample-size (% of potential maximum population)

Number of parameters analyzed

REMS[21]

Patients admitted to a non-surgical emergency department

Cardiac arrest with unsuccessful resuscitation, more than one vital sign missing

In-hospital mortality

285 (2.4%)

51.6% female

Multivariate regression analysis

12,006

11,751 (97.9%)

8

RAPS[17]

Patients transported to a university hospital by helicopter

Age younger than 11 years, missing values

24 hours mortality

36 (12.7%)

NS

Multivariate regression analysis

283

283 (100%)

4

GS[18]

Patients transported to an emergency department by ambulance

Trauma, psychiatric disease, dead on arrival, discharged from the ED, outcome not available at follow-up, not admitted due to specified disease

In-hospital mortality

711 (12.7%)

42.3% female

Regression analysis

17,950

5,583 (31.1%)

31

HOTEL[15]

Patients admitted to a medical admission unit

Age younger than 14, death < 15 minutes from arrival, missing values

Death within 15 minutes to 24 hours after arrival

592 (0.6%)

NS

Logistic regression

11,124

10,2903 (92.5%)

11

SCS[14]

Patients admitted to a medical admission unit

Age younger than 14

30 days mortality

316 (4.7%)

47.5% female

Logistic regression

11,124

9,9644 (89.6%)

29

WPS[20]

Patients admitted to an emergency care unit

None

In-hospital mortality

270 (8.5%)

52% female

Logistic regression

4,384

3,184 (72.6%)

6

RLD[13]

Patients discharged from medical department

Age below 16 at admission

In-hospital mortality

NS5

NS

Logistic regression

17,417

16,73776 (96.1%)

7

TTS[16]

Patients admitted to a medical admission unit

Age below 16, admission directly to the ICU

In-hospital mortality

835 (8.4%)

52.3% female

Comparison using AUROC

10,051

9,987 (99.4%)

87

EWS[19]

Patients admitted to a medical admission unit

None

In-hospital mortality, length of stay, admission to ICU or CCU

29 combined (12.8%), 8 dead (3.5%)

48.5% female

Logistic regression

225

225 (100%)

6

ALT[12]

Patients in a medical emergency department

No blood test drawn

Mortality while admitted to a medical department

573 (5.6%)

48.6% female

Logistic regression

23,397

10,308 (44.1%)

27

  1. NS = not specified
  2. 1 saturation only available for 51.4% of the patients
  3. 2 40 in the development cohort
  4. 3 sample-size divided for validation purposes, 6,947 used for development
  5. 4 sample-size divided for validation purposes, 6,736 used for development
  6. 5 only specified for validation cohorts
  7. 6 sample-size divided for validation purposes, 9,497 used for development
  8. 7 either AVPU or GCS. Urine production was set to normal